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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many people with ADHD also suffer from comorbid disorders, such as major depressive disorder (Kessler and colleagues 2006). Many patients are not responsive to medications for depression and may benefit from psychotherapy. Get the facts are brain chemicals that regulate and boost levels of certain brain chemicals. The stimulants methylphenidate and amphetamine are commonly prescribed. Medicines A variety of medications used to treat ADHD in children can also be used for adults. The dosages and the side effects differ. A doctor will consider the individual's medical history as well as family history and other health conditions to determine which medication is the best for them. The most common type of ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by adjusting levels of two chemical messengers within the brain called norepinephrine and dopamine. Stimulants such as methylphenidate (also called Adderall) and dextroamphetamine increase the availability of neurotransmitters, which help improve concentration, decrease impulsivity, and decrease aggression. These stimulants are available in various forms, including skin patches, liquids, and chewable tablets. These long-acting stimulants are favored due to their improved patient compliance, as well as more consistent, long-lasting improvement of symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that comorbidities like anxiety and depression may alter the effectiveness of ADHD medications. It is therefore recommended that psychiatric disorders be treated first, and medication be used as a second measure. Some medications that can be used to treat comorbid mood disorders include bupropion, atomoxetine and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004).). Some patients may experience a “rebound effect” in which their ADHD symptoms get worse after stopping stimulant medication. In these cases it is possible to try a short-term trial of the use of a low dose stimulant medication could be helpful. Certain people are not able to take stimulant medication or use it due to addiction to drugs or other health conditions such as severe hypertension or heart issues. In these instances, non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These medications don't cause the same adverse effects as stimulants and are less likely to be misused or diverted. Psychotherapy People with ADHD can benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help those with ADHD to improve their lives, manage stress and anxiety, manage conflicts, or manage issues at work or in relationships. It can also help those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing, like depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as well as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as well as schema therapy. These therapies are based on belief that one's beliefs and thoughts influence how they feel, think and act. CBT assists a person to recognize negative behavior and thought patterns, and then develops and implements positive strategies to change these patterns. Meditation techniques are employed in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help someone concentrate on their emotions and thoughts as well as control their impulses and improve executive functioning. Schema therapy, as well as other forms of psychotherapy that focus on a person's history with their family may be useful for people suffering from ADHD who suffer from significant secondary problems. In addition to medicines psychotherapy can assist in addressing the specific problems caused by ADHD like difficulty staying on track with schoolwork, resolving conflicts and being able to get along with others, forgetting important dates or obligations, and impulsive decisions that can lead to legal or financial problems. Psychotherapy can also help individuals to address and resolve issues that could cause ADHD symptoms, such as anxiety or depression. Psychotherapy can assist people in finding healthy ways to cope and reduce stress. For example exercise, sleep improvement, and healthy eating habits. It can also offer support to a spouse or family member who may be dealing with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Marriage and family therapy can assist families and couples communicate better and understand how to manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a form of psychotherapy that is focused on changing the client's negative thinking patterns. It involves a dialog based on skill with a mental health professional to address the root reason for the symptoms. The aim of this therapy is to overcome the limitations and implement coping strategies that are compatible with the person's everyday life. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT show clients how to identify unhelpful thoughts and help them learn to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can be lengthy. It is an option for those who cannot receive enough relief from their medications. A recent RCT study has found that when combined with medication, CBT is superior to CBT on its own in reducing the severity of the emotional symptoms, core symptoms as well as self-esteem and social functioning in adults with ADHD (Clarke et al. 2017). CBT when combined with methylphenidate may be particularly effective for people who have more serious underlying issues. The therapists that provide this type of treatment typically work with the client to develop a detailed action plan for solving their issues. They teach them a set of skills that are easy to learn and have a high probability of success. A chart system is often used to track the progress of a child and reward positive behaviour. This could include a daily report for children that lists the tasks they have to finish at school or the positive behaviors to be exhibited, and an approach to tracking and earning rewards. Therapists may also discuss the possibility that negative consequences could be inflicted upon a child who fails to complete their tasks. This can be done with sensitivity and encouragement. Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy is an innovative form of psychotherapy that helps people to change their thinking. This kind of treatment can be effective for people who suffer from a variety of mental health problems which include depression. It is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps people learn to recognize negative thinking patterns and their impact on their moods. This kind of therapy can help individuals develop psychological tools that are flexible and useful. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. To accomplish this we compared self- and informant-rated daily functioning impairments with the predictors of metacognition (comprehensive Knowledge, Regulation of Cognition, Debugging, Information Management and Evaluation). It was discovered that comprehensive knowledge was connected to daily functioning in adults with ADHD however, the regulatory processes were not. The predictors of metacognition had moderate predictive power, which indicates that they can explain a significant amount of variations in the daily functioning of adults suffering from ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a psychotherapy that focuses on modifying metacognitive beliefs that cause states of anxiety or rumination as well as attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on an idea of information processing by Wells and Gerald Matthews. MCT has been shown to be effective in treating anxiety disorders. However, it is still an in-development treatment and more research will be needed to determine if it can help with other disorders. This study was created to evaluate the efficacy of MCT to reduce symptoms of anxiety disorder. However it is also able to treat various disorders and could be more effective than other therapy. This is not an effective treatment, but it can be utilized to treat ADHD. Family Therapy In family therapy the therapy therapist works with the entire family. Everyone is able to better understand the client's issues and learn how they can help their loved family members. It also helps them find ways to cope with their own frustrations and improve their communication skills. This kind of counseling can be utilized to treat comorbid conditions, such as depression and substance abuse that are commonly associated as a result of ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session to gain a clearer understanding of the family's perspective of the problem and assess their potential for intervention by the family. It can be done in person or online. The therapist will explain to each participant the nature of treatment and the rules for family therapy. A therapist who has experience treating adults with ADHD will ask a lot of questions to gain an understanding of their current symptoms, their past, and the impact that they have on their work, family and relationships. They will also ask if there are any other mental health issues present, such as depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a structured kind of counseling that teaches you how to manage your behavior and transform negative patterns of thinking to positive ones. It concentrates on improving self-esteem and self-control by teaching strategies to manage anger and stress. This is a short-term solution that can be utilized in conjunction with other forms of psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy can help people suffering from ADHD overcome emotional burdens resulting from long-standing patterns of failure, underachievement academic issues as well as frequent job changes and relationship conflict. It can help you learn stress reduction and coping techniques, and how to better manage your time and finances. It can also be used to tackle the comorbidities, like anxiety and mood disorders, that are often associated with ADHD.